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    Allergy. Allergy types (allergic reactions)


    Allergy notion is derived from Greek Eallos - another + Aergon - action

    Allergyis a condition of a hypersensibility of a live organism, in relation to certain substance or the substances (allergens), developing at a repeated influence of these substances. The physiological mechanism of an allergy consists in formation of antibodies in a human body which leads to a fall or an increase of its sensitivity. The allergy is shown by strong irritation of mucous membranes, skin rashes, the general indisposition, etc.

    Jacob Bogatin says that allergic diseases are organism hyperreactions in reply to influence of factors of an environment which are taken as potentially dangerous ones (even if in practice they are not those). It is natural that if there are “hyperreactions” then there are is normal reactions. Normal reaction is a development of a normal immune feedback.

    According to Jacob Bogatin the mechanism of immune feedback is a very complex one. It includes development of the antibodies which are so called “defenders” of an organism. The necessity or better say determination of antibodies is to neutralise the substances which have intruded in an organism (so-called “antigenes”). Theoretically any immune reaction should be successful. But sometimes the immune system as though “exceeds the powers” and, having run away, starts to react to absolutely harmless substance as on the dangerous ones. Such a loss of management also leads destructive hyperreactions (allergy).

    Allergy types

    First three types of an allergy can be diagnosed easily and precisely.

    At the core of the first type of an allergy (allergic reaction) is a reagent mechanism of damage of the fabrics, proceeding with participation usually IgE, is more rare than class IgG, on a surface of basophiles’ membranes and corpulent cages. A number of biologically active substances is liberated in the blood: histamine, serotonin, bradykinins, slowly reacting substance anaphylactic reactions, leukotrienes, etc. which lead to infringement of permeability of membranes of cages, to a hypostasis, a spasm of smooth muscles, secretion increase. Typical clinical examples of an allergy of the first type are an anaphylactic shock, a bronchial asthma, lesser tortoiseshell, a false croup and a rhinitis.

    The second type of an allergy (allergic reaction) is called a cytotoxic one, proceeding with the assistance of antibodies of classes O and M, and also at the complemented system activation that may lead to a cellular membrane damage. This type of an allergy is observed at a medical allergy with development of leucopenia, a thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemias, and also at hemolysis during haemotransfusions, hemolytic illnesses of babies at a Rhesus factor the conflict.

    The third type of an allergy (allergic reaction) is connected with fabrics’ damage by the immune complexes circulating in a blood channel, proceeds with participation of antibodies of classes C and M. Damaging action of immune complexes on a fabric occurs through complement activation of enzymes. This type of an allergy develops at ectogenous allergic alveolitises, Bright’s disease, allergic dermatitis, separate kinds medicinal and a food allergy, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.

    The fourth type of an allergy (allergic reaction) - tuberculin, slowed down - arises through 24-48h, proceeds with participation of sensibilitized lymphocytes. It is actual for an infectious-allergic bronchial asthma, a tuberculosis, Bang’s disease and some other diseases.

    Bogatin Jacob considers that allergy (allergic reactions) can arise at any age; their intensity is various. The clinical picture of an allergy does not depend on chemical and pharmacological properties of allergen, its dose and injection ways. Bogatin states that more often the allergy arises at repeated injection of allergen in an organism, cases of anaphylactic reactions however are known at the first introduction of an antibiotic in an organism without a preliminary sensitisation, special care therefore is necessary at carrying out of intraskin tests.

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